{"id":271,"date":"2026-09-06T01:20:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T17:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/2026\/09\/06\/postgresql-production-practice\/"},"modified":"2026-09-06T01:20:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T17:20:48","slug":"postgresql-production-practice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/2026\/09\/06\/postgresql-production-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL \u751f\u4ea7\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u3001VACUUM \u4e0e\u7d22\u5f15\u9009\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/span>PostgreSQL 18\u3001PgBouncer\u3001VACUUM\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\u9009\u578b\u3001EXPLAIN\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8c03\u4f18<\/div>\n
\n
\u76ee\u5f55<\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \u4e00\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\u522b\u8ba9\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u6740\u6b7b\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. \u4e8c\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\uff1a\u4f1a\u5efa\u66f4\u8981\u4f1a\u67e5<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. \u4e09\u3001VACUUM\uff1a\u7406\u89e3 MVCC \u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u81a8\u80c0<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. \u56db\u3001EXPLAIN\uff1a\u8c03\u4f18\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5165\u53e3<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. \u4e94\u3001\u5206\u533a\u4e0e\u6269\u5c55\uff1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u671f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0a\u9650<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    PostgreSQL \u5728 2026 \u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1aAI \u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5411\u91cf\u68c0\u7d22\uff08pgvector\uff09\u3001\u5730\u7406\u6570\u636e\uff08PostGIS\uff09\u3001\u65f6\u5e8f\uff08TimescaleDB\uff09\u90fd\u5728\u5f80 PG \u4e0a\u6536\u655b\uff0cPostgreSQL 18\uff082025 \u5e74 9 \u6708\u53d1\u5e03\uff09\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O\uff08io_method = io_uring\/worker<\/code>\uff09\u8ba9\u987a\u5e8f\u626b\u63cf\u548c\u5927\u8868\u8bfb\u53d6\u6709\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u901f\u3002\u4f46\u300c\u9009 PG\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7528\u597d PG\u300d\u662f\u4e24\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u805a\u7126\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u6700\u5e38\u7ffb\u8f66\u7684\u4e94\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a\u522b\u8ba9\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u6740\u6b7b\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h2>\n

    PG \u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u76f4\u8fde\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u51e0\u5343\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4e0e\u8c03\u5ea6\u5f00\u9500\u8db3\u4ee5\u62d6\u57ae\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u6807\u914d\u662f PgBouncer<\/strong> \u6216\u5185\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\uff08Supabase\/\u4e91\u5382\u5546 RDS \u5747\u5df2\u5185\u7f6e\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n

    # pgbouncer.ini \u5173\u952e\u9879\npool_mode = transaction        # \u4e8b\u52a1\u7ea7\u590d\u7528\uff0c\u541e\u5410\u6700\u9ad8\nmax_client_conn = 5000         # \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4fa7\u4e0a\u9650\ndefault_pool_size = 40         # \u5230 PG \u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\nserver_reset_query = DISCARD ALL<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u7528 transaction \u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u4e0d\u7528 session \u7ea7\u7279\u6027\uff08SET<\/code>\u3001\u6e38\u6807\u8de8\u4e8b\u52a1\u3001advisory lock \u7684 session \u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u300c\u8fde\u63a5\u4e32\u5473\u300d\u7684\u8be1\u5f02 bug\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4e8c\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\uff1a\u4f1a\u5efa\u66f4\u8981\u4f1a\u67e5<\/h2>\n
    \u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u662f\u8d8a\u591a\u8d8a\u597d\uff0c\u5199\u653e\u5927\u548c\u89c4\u5212\u5668\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u90fd\u662f\u6210\u672c\u3002\u9009\u578b\u901f\u67e5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u7c7b\u578b<\/th>\n\u573a\u666f<\/th>\n\u6ce8\u610f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
    B-tree<\/td>\n\u7b49\u503c\/\u8303\u56f4\/\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9996\u9009<\/td>\n\u6700\u5de6\u524d\u7f00\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u628a\u7b49\u503c\u5217\u653e\u524d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    GIN<\/td>\n\u6570\u7ec4\u3001JSONB\u3001\u5168\u6587\u68c0\u7d22\u3001pgvector<\/td>\n\u5199\u5165\u5f00\u9500\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u8868\u8981\u6743\u8861<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    BRIN<\/td>\n\u8ffd\u52a0\u578b\u5927\u8868\uff08\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6d41\uff09<\/td>\n\u4f9d\u8d56\u7269\u7406\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e71\u5e8f\u5199\u5165\u57fa\u672c\u5931\u6548<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u90e8\u5206\u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\n\u53ea\u67e5\u300c\u672a\u5904\u7406\u300d\u7b49\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b50\u96c6<\/td>\nWHERE status='pending'<\/code>\uff0c\u5c0f\u800c\u7cbe\u51c6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
    \u4e09\u3001VACUUM\uff1a\u7406\u89e3 MVCC \u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u81a8\u80c0<\/h2>\n
    PG \u7684 UPDATE\/DELETE \u4e0d\u539f\u5730\u4fee\u6539\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7559\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u7b49 VACUUM \u56de\u6536\u3002autovacuum \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u5bf9\u5927\u8868\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u8868\u548c\u7d22\u5f15\u81a8\u80c0\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u786c\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a\u9ad8\u9891\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u8868\u5355\u72ec\u8c03\u4f4e autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor<\/code><\/strong>\uff08\u5982 0.01\uff09\uff0c\u5b9a\u671f\u7528 pg_repack<\/code> \u5728\u7ebf\u91cd\u5efa\u81a8\u80c0\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7d22\u5f15<\/strong>\u3002\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0a\u76ef\u4f4f\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u6570\u4e0e\u8868\u5e74\u9f84\uff08\u9632\u4e8b\u52a1 ID \u56de\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u76ef CPU \u66f4\u80fd\u63d0\u524d\u53d1\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863\u5bf9 routine vacuuming<\/a> \u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n
    \"PostgreSQL
    <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
    \u56db\u3001EXPLAIN\uff1a\u8c03\u4f18\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5165\u53e3<\/h2>\n
    \u6240\u6709\u6162\u67e5\u8be2\u5148\u7528 EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)<\/code> \u800c\u4e0d\u662f EXPLAIN<\/code>\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u62ff\u771f\u5b9e\u6267\u884c\u6570\u636e\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u770b\u4e09\u5904\uff1a\u884c\u6570\u4f30\u7b97\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff08\u504f\u5dee\u5927\u8bf4\u660e\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u8fc7\u671f\uff0c\u5148 ANALYZE<\/code>\uff09\uff1b\u662f\u5426\u51fa\u73b0 Seq Scan<\/code> \u626b\u5927\u8868\uff1bBuffers: shared read<\/code> \u662f\u5426\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e hit<\/code>\uff08\u7f13\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u7387\u4f4e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4e94\u3001\u5206\u533a\u4e0e\u6269\u5c55\uff1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u671f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0a\u9650<\/h2>\n
    \u5355\u8868\u8fc7\u4ebf\u518d\u60f3\u5206\u533a\u5c31\u665a\u4e86\u3002PG 18 \u7684\u539f\u751f\u5206\u533a\u6309 \u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5206\u533a<\/strong>\u6700\u5e38\u7528\uff08\u914d\u5408 BRIN \u7d22\u5f15\u8fd1\u4e4e\u96f6\u6210\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u300c\u5220\u65e7\u6570\u636e\u300d\u53d8\u6210\u300cdrop \u5206\u533a\u300d\u8fd9\u79cd\u77ac\u65f6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u6c34\u5e73\u6269\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\uff0cCitus \u6216\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u5206\u7247\u90fd\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4f46\u5148\u505a\u597d\u5782\u76f4\u62c6\u5206\u4e0e\u5f52\u6863\uff0c90% \u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5206\u7247<\/strong>\u3002\u7248\u672c\u5347\u7ea7\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u505a\u8fd1\u96f6\u505c\u673a\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u7a33\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff08\u5927\u7248\u672c\u53d8\u66f4\u53c2\u8003 \u5b98\u65b9\u5347\u7ea7\u6307\u5357<\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\uff1aPG \u751f\u4ea7\u5316\u7684\u529f\u592b\u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u3001autovacuum\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\u9009\u578b\u8fd9\u4e09\u4ef6\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u4e8b\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u8d77\u773c\uff0c\u4f46\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u300c\u80fd\u8dd1\u300d\u8fd8\u662f\u300c\u7a33\u8dd1\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n
    \n
    \u6807\u7b7e<\/div>\n
    #PostgreSQL<\/span>#\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>#\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18<\/span>#\u8fd0\u7ef4\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    PostgreSQL \u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e94\u4ef6\u8981\u4e8b\uff1aPgBouncer \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u524d\u63d0\u3001B-tree\/GIN\/BRIN\/\u90e8\u5206\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u9009\u578b\u901f\u67e5\u3001MVCC \u4e0e autovacuum \u7684\u81a8\u80c0\u6cbb\u7406\u3001EXPLAIN ANALYZE \u7684\u4e09\u5904\u5fc5\u770b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u533a\u4e0e\u8fd1\u96f6\u505c\u673a\u5347\u7ea7\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,1],"tags":[141,142,73,143],"class_list":["post-271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-backend","category-technical","tag-postgresql","tag-142","tag-73","tag-143"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ziliaochi.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}